• The biology of the A BR is

  2025-02-10

  

  The biology of the A2BR is complex and needs to be considered contextually as the expression and effect of receptor engagement varies according to time post hypoxic injury, cell type and downstream signaling pathway. For example, A2BR expression is dynamic - low under basal and increasing under isch

• The present in vitro pharmacological experiments revealed

  2025-02-10

  

  The present in vitro pharmacological experiments revealed that the cholinergic up-regulation of VEGF expression in neurons and astrocytes was mainly mediated by nicotinic AChR and muscarinic AChR, respectively. In addition, neuronal VEGF expression was elevated by endogenous ACh in a manner that was

• It has been reported that leukotrienes and their receptors e

  2025-02-10

  

  It has been reported that leukotrienes and their receptors, e.g. the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1) may promote GSK744 injury (Ding et al., 2007) and that increased 5-LOX expression and activity lead to production of brain-toxic molecules (Khan et al., 2010). However, differential effects

• br Conclusion br Conflicts of interest br Introduction RNA

  2025-02-10

  

  Conclusion Conflicts of interest Introduction RNA interference is a specific post-transcriptional gene silencing mechanism within a cell via the transfection of microRNAs (miRNA), exogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNA) or small hairpin RNAs (shRNA) [1–3]. Transfection of shRNA can be done

• Regarding brain tumors AXL has been implicated in gliomagene

  2025-02-10

  

  Regarding Sickle cell disease iron chelation tumors, AXL has been implicated in gliomagenesis and chemoresistance [39]. Previous investigations found that AXL is constitutively phosphorylated in many glioma cell lines, murine xenograft tumors and primary patient tumor samples [40]. Immunohistochemi

• It has been known for a while that

  2025-02-08

  

  It has been known for a while that oxygenation (the addition of oxygen) of Aβ can inhibit the formation of amyloids and diminish their cytotoxicity. Photo-oxygenation of Aβ started with fullerenes almost a decade ago by Toshima and co-workers. Later, porphyrins and polyoxometalates were used as well

• The findings from our previous study indicate that mitochond

  2025-02-08

  

  The findings from our previous study indicate that mitochondrial biogenesis of astrocytes is increased under experimental septic condition [25]. Recent studies have shown that IL-6 can activate AMPK by increasing the concentration of AMP [26], while AMPK regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and autoph

• br Introduction AMP activated protein kinase AMPK has been f

  2025-02-08

  

  Introduction AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been found to be a key character against cardiovascular diseases and cellular stress. When activated by certain stress, AMPK regulates sugars and fatty acids that are good or detrimental to the heart. For example, targeting AMPK phosphorylation

• Elevated aminopeptidase activities were often

  2025-02-08

  

  Elevated aminopeptidase activities were often detected in organs of plant with accelerated protein turnover, such as leaves and petals during senescence, fruits maturation or in germinating seeds [22]. Moreover, it was proven that these enzymes take part in defense responses [[23], [24], [25]]. Part

• Cy5 non-sulfonated Di ethylhexyl phthalate DEHP is one

  2025-02-08

  

  Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most widely used environmental chemicals in the production of polyvinyl chloride. After Cy5 non-sulfonated into human body, DEHP can be converted to the metabolite mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), which has higher toxicity than DEHP and can influenc

• Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that plays pivotal rol

  2025-02-08

  

  Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that plays pivotal roles in different physiological and pathophysiological processes by triggering specific cell-surface receptors both in the Alpha-adrenergic blocker and in the periphery. The adenosine receptors (ARs) are four different subtypes of G protein-

• AdK as an important upstream

  2025-02-08

  

  AdK as an important upstream regulator of adenosine-based homeostasis represents a promising drug target since it leads to an increase in adenosine concentrations. Taking into account that the adenosine formation is only increased in affected tissues under stress with high adenosine levels, AdK inhi

• Qualitative inspection of the single channel traces presente

  2025-02-08

  

  Qualitative inspection of the single-channel traces presented in both Figures 3 and 4 shows that within bursts of activity, βAnc-containing AChRs display a marked reduction in open probability. To quantify these differences in single-channel behavior, we performed dwell-time analysis under high-reso

• The difficulty of characterizing nAChRs in the central nervo

  2025-02-08

  

  The difficulty of characterizing nAChRs in the central nervous system is also exemplified by early observations that nicotine caused no detectable effect when applied on a brain slice and it is only with the focal and high time resolution of more recent experiments that the effects of nicotinic neur

• The srd a isoforms showed unique expression profiles in earl

  2025-02-08

  

  The srd5a isoforms showed unique expression profiles in early FHM development (Fig. 2). Similar to amphibian embryos, there was a high abundance of both srd5a1 and srd5a3 at 1dpf in FHMs, suggesting that mRNA for these enzymes may be maternally deposited and that these enzymes may play a key role in

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