• microRNAs miRNAs of approximately nucleotides play

  2022-09-02

  

  microRNAs (miRNAs) of approximately 22 nucleotides play vital roles in cancer development and progression by regulating translational repression or decay of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) through their binding to the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of target mRNAs with imprecise or precise compleme

• E E evolution at transmission has been explored

  2022-09-02

  

  E1E2 evolution at transmission has been explored in multiple previous studies. Vertical transmission selects for E1E2 variants with increased replication fitness due of CTL escape mutations (Honegger et al., 2013). Experimental infection of chimeric liver mice selects for E1E2 variants with increase

• Under most circumstances NO is a potent

  2022-09-02

  

  Under most circumstances, NO is a potent endogenous vasodilator. Therefore, its involvement in an endothelium-dependent contraction seems paradoxical, to say the least. Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the major downstream target of NO; its inhibition results in the lack of vasoconstrictor response

• Cy7 NHS ester In diseased blood vessels increased production

  2022-09-02

  

  In diseased blood vessels, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as peroxynitrite, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide, have been found [[53], [54], [55]]. Peroxynitrite was suggested to alter the redox state of sGC [53] while hydrogen peroxide interfered with the action of NO bu

• This variant has also been

  2022-09-02

  

  This variant has also been related to a better treatment response in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer subjected to irinotecan-based chemotherapy (Kweekel et al., 2008). Inheritance of this metabolic variability has also been stated to influence better treatment outcomes in breast cancer pa

• All HFD fed groups in

  2022-09-01

  

  All HFD fed groups in our study, having significantly higher levels of EE (heat production) is consistent with previous studies [91], where a significant increase in EE was observed within just one week of HFD feeding [81]. It is hypothesized that this phenomenon is due to the increased body mass an

• With an ever increasing incidence rate of type diabetes

  2022-09-01

  

  With an ever-increasing incidence rate of type 2 diabetes and obesity, it is imperative to develop new therapeutic regimes that may provide a benefit both in terms of efficacy and tolerability. The existing portfolio of drugs for the treatment of metabolic disorders, primarily type 2 diabetes and ob

• Generally speaking the regulation of GnIH on gonadotropins

  2022-09-01

  

  Generally speaking, the regulation of GnIH on gonadotropins synthesis and release, although controversial, could be direct and/or indirect via GnRH, among others peptides. In this sense, different scenarios have been reported in vertebrates. In mammalian and avian species, GnIH fibers reach the medi

• In addition to vertebrate species GnRH has been

  2022-09-01

  

  In addition to vertebrate species, GnRH has been identified in invertebrates, such as in the Protochordate Ciona intestinalis (Powell et al., 1996; Adams et al., 2003), the decapods mollusk Octopus vulgaris (Iwakoshi et al., 2002), the gastropod mollusk, the sea hare Aplysia californica (Zhang et al

• Several studies have shown that regulation of glutamate home

  2022-09-01

  

  Several studies have shown that regulation of glutamate homeostasis is critical in relapse to many drugs of abuse [84,85]. Glutamate is transported by GLT-1, which accounted for about 90% of glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft [14,15]. CEF is known to produce its effects through GLT-1 upregu

• In glioma or glial derived primary brain tumors as in

  2022-09-01

  

  In glioma, or glial-derived primary Sodium Nitroprusside tumors, as in other cancers, glutathione is an important survival mechanism. Glioma cells are dependent upon SXC-mediated cystine uptake for viability, as they require intracellular cystine/cysteine for GSH synthesis (Ogunrinu and Sontheimer,

• br Experimental Procedures br Acknowledgments This work was

  2022-09-01

  

  Experimental Procedures Acknowledgments This work was supported by NIH/National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) R00 HG006922 and NIH/NHGRI R01 HG008974 (to J.G.), the Huntsman Cancer Institute, and the Women’s Cancers Disease-Oriented Team at the Huntsman Cancer Institute. Research re

• Glucagon was described as an insulin secretagogue as

  2022-09-01

  

  Glucagon was described as an insulin secretagogue as early as 1965 (Samols et al., 1965). Our studies extend these findings by demonstrating that this is a direct effect mediated by distinct receptors in the mouse pancreas. Previous experiments on isolated β Myosmine clearly show that glucagon is c

• br Conflict of interest statement br

  2022-09-01

  

  Conflict of interest statement Acknowledgements Introduction Galanin is a multi-functional neuropeptide that is widely distributed in the neuroendocrine system and peripheral tissues of various species. This 29-amino-acid peptide (30 in humans) is proteolytically processed from its precurso

• Introduction Initially postulated to represent the main sour

  2022-09-01

  

  Introduction Initially postulated to represent the main source of ATP production in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are recently recognized to perform manifold essential functions beyond energy production, impacting most areas of cell biology and medicine [1]. Mitochondrial metabolism is both the ba

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